Previously we discussed a very bright ecology of technology and optimism with the potential to lend enormous empowerment to communities and individuals.  This week, we explored some darker implications that same ecology had created the environment for in two chapters from Nicholas Carr’s book “The Big Switch”.

The first chapter we read was Chapter 7, “From the Many to the Few”.  In this Chapter Carr begins by framing the conversation with one of the world’s most historic YouTube videos of founders Chad Hurley and Steve Chen announcing they had been bought by Google for $1.65 Billion Dollars.  For Carr this is a cautionary tale about the acceleration of a long term trend of the concentration of wealth.

Changes in technology have always created disruptions in employment, computerized assembly lines, for example.  Even then, the decrease in worker demand on the line was in part offset by a new demand for human information processing tasks.  However, we have now reached a point where “computerization creates new work, but it’s work that can be done by machines.  People aren’t necessary.” (pg. 136).

Internet companies also don’t obey previous limits on the amount of wealth a product can create known as diminishing returns to scale.  Companies that produce physical products are limited in their returns because in order to make more products, they have to pay for more and more workers, factories, raw materials etc.  Software companies do not have this problem, in order to create more products, it’s only cost is the cost to copy the product.  Therefore they exhibit increasing returns to scale.

Companies such as Craigslist, YouTube, Facebook, and Google don’t pay for content generation, only the infrastructure to house it.  Since they sell ads related to that content, they’re essentially getting revenue for advertising products that they did not have to put in the capital to create.  Although the windfall may be larger, since companies don’t have to hire the content generators, it will be shared between an even fewer number of people.  The concentration of wealth into the hands of corporations is not a new thing.  What’s new here is the further concentration of the wealth “funneled to ‘a small fraction’ of particularly talented individuals…In the YouTube economy, everyone is free to play, but only a few reap the rewards.” (pg. 147)

We then turned to Chapter 8, “The Great Unbundling” in which Carr elucidates the downsides of a phenomena that we often feel we benefit from, The Long Tail.  The Long Tail is an idea put forth by Chris Anderson which explores the effects of the Internet’s ability to make niche markets profitable; the iconic example being iTunes.  Previously, selling niece material was unprofitable because of the high cost of producing it and finding the audience to pay for it.  Profits were limited by shelf space, so accordingly, media was created to appeal to as wide a mass of people as possible.  But without being bounded by a limited number of CD’s they can put on a shelf, iTunes can provide a greater diversity of music and bring direct access to a particular audience across geographic bounds even to the discrete level of the individual song which can be downloaded with out the album.

The effects of being able to hear exactly what you want might be an overall positive for music, but it’s not that great a thing when it comes to arenas where you want to be challenged with ideas you don’t want to hear.  Suppose we see a newspaper as an album, and the individual articles as songs.  Previously, print media was supported by ads across the entire paper.  High quality small audience content (reporting from a war-zone) could be supported by ad revenue from low quality large audience content (classifieds).  Now, ads are sold next to individual articles which means that it’s up to the article itself to generate ad revenue.  This puts pressure on the article to grab the attention of the reader, often by polarizing the conversation.

Additionally while personalization algorithms often help us find niche content, they can trap us into a gravity well of “ideological amplification”, segregating cultures even more.  In one example Carr cites a 2005 study in which researchers gathered 63 Coloradans of varying political views; half from the more liberal Boulder and the other half from the conservative leaning Colorado Springs.  After filling out questionnaires about their political beliefs, the groups split up into discussion groups made up of like-minded individuals.  Taking the same questionnaire afterwards showed “not merely a tendency for members to conform to the group average, but a radicalization in which this average moves towards extremes.” (pg. 165)

The Internet is deceptive.  It gives you access to a greater diversity of information, but in reality we come across a very low amount of information that is truly novel.  You quickly get the impression that everyone you know agrees with you because in your reality, they do.

DFEX: CHI is off and running!  In our first week we engaged with three videos that laid the groundwork for understanding the current design and technology environment we live in.

The first was a TED talk by Lawrence Lessig in which he discussed the ecology of creativity that fair use can either constrain or allow to flourish.  Interestingly, he identifies this as an area where conservatives and liberals are on the opposite sides of the issue as you’d expect.  Using Disney as an example, he notes that when Disney was run by Walt Disney (a republican) it made extensive use of the public domain works of The Brothers Grimm.  Yet, when under the helm of Michael Eisner (a democrat) Disney lobbied hard (and successfully) for the adoption of the Copyright Extension Act which extended copyright to the life of the author plus 70 years.  Lessig points out the glaring hypocrisy; by instituting this law, Disney made it impossible for anyone to do to Disney, what Disney did to The Brothers Grimm.

Next we turned to a talk by Yochai Benkler in which he discussed a significant shift in economics; social production.  Examples of this can be found in projects such as SETI’s @Home program which uses peoples’ individual computers to analyze data SETI has collected.  Instead of viewing a separation between the Industrial Age and the Information Age, Benkler re-frames the conversation by stating that we have always been in the Information Age, it’s just that the means of disseminating the information was industrial.  As such, it required a very high level of capital investment to distribute knowledge and culture (newspapers, for example) but today, these instruments are in the hands of average people.  As such, Benkler notes that in addition to corporations (market-based and centralized) and non-profits (non-market based and centralized), we have a new transactional framework, social production, which is both non-market based, and decentralized.

Finally we explored the power of information and coordinated action in the hands of average people in a talk by Clay Shirky.  As an example, Shirky notes an experience with the bank HSBC in which they had promised students checking accounts with out penalty fees for overdrafts.  A short while later, they changed their position and said that these accounts would now incur a substantial fee.  Students could avoid this fee by switching to a different account, but it was a rather complex and time consuming process.  In previous times, people would have been helpless against this because institutions had two major advantages.  1) They had the means of knowledge, in this case the complicated process of switching, and 2) the means of coordination (eg the actual mechanisms for putting the policy in place).  But today it’s different.  Using Facebook, students set up a page to teach people how to switch (information) and circumvented geographical boundaries to organize a protest (coordination).  HSBC soon backed down.